As a new two-dimensional (2D) material, black phosphorus (BP) exhibits great potential for friction reduction. However, achieving macroscale superlubricity with a BP coating remains a great challenge. In this study, we designed a new lubrication system to achieve superlubricity with a BP coating at the macroscale, involving the formation of a BP coating with deposited BP nanoflakes, followed by water lubrication. Robust superlubricity with a coefficient of friction of 0.001 can be achieved on the BP coating in a pure water environment. The superlubricity mechanism is mainly attributed to the shear-induced interfacial structural conversion of BP to phosphorus oxide, leading to the formation of tribofilms on the friction pairs with extremely low shear strength. This finding provides a new strategy for achieving superlubricity of 2D material coatings at the macroscale, which has important implications for the development of novel superlubrication systems for industrial applications.To date, BRAF mutations in brain tumor patients have not been characterized in the Malaysian population. Based on the numerous reported studies, there are main mutations that exist in BRAF gene in various types of cancers. A missense mutation in codon 600of the BRAF nuclear oncogene (BRAF) is the most prevalent hotspot point mutation that has been identified in multiple human malignancies.
We here aimed to find out the frequency of BRAFmutation in a series of Malaysian patients with brain tumors and if any association exists between BRAFmutation and clinicopathological features of patients.
Fresh frozen tumor tissue samples from 50Malaysian brain tumor patients were analyzed for BRAFmutational status, and its correlation with clinicopathological features (including age, gender, and tumor localization such as intra-axial within the brain substance or extra-axial outside the brain substance) was examined.
The overall BRAFmutation frequency was determined to be 22% (in 11of 50patients). BRAFwas significantly correlated with the tumor location group, which shows BRAFwas more frequent in the intra-axial tumor than the extra-axial tumor group. In this study, we also observed that male patients were slightly more susceptible to BRAFmutation, and this mutation was predominant in patients of the age group&lt;40years. However, these parameters did not translate to statistical significance.
The data demonstrate that BRAFmutation is observed significantly more often in intra-axial brain tumor patients, which can serve as baseline information for further research on genetic alteration that occurs during brain tumor progression in the Malaysian population.
The data demonstrate that BRAFV600E mutation is observed significantly more often in intra-axial brain tumor patients, which can serve as baseline information for further research on genetic alteration that occurs during brain tumor progression in the Malaysian population.Prostate cancer is one of the leading cancers in men, and new approaches are needed for its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of co-administration of naturally occurring flavone apigenin and doxorubicin to androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells.The effect of the treatment on survival and migration of human PC3cells was evaluated by MTT and scratch assay, respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were detected by image-based cytometry. mRNA and protein expression were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively.
Apigenin and doxorubicin dose-dependently inhibited cell survival, and co-administration of both agents significantly induced cell death via upregulating the mRNA expression of caspases, Bax and cytochrome c, and downregulating Bcl-XL. Combination therapy caused cell cycle arrest by upregulating the expression of p21and p27. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-3-cgamp.html The treatment modality inhibited cell migration via downregulating Snail, Twist and MMPs in which doxorubicin was ineffective. Apigenin dephosphorylated Akt strongly, significantly suppressed ERK phosphorylation, and increased PTEN expression 4.5-fold. The combination of apigenin and doxorubicin inhibited PI3K and AKT phosphorylation more strongly than a single administration.
Our data indicate that a combination of the natural flavone apigenin with doxorubicin might have a potential in treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Our data indicate that a combination of the natural flavone apigenin with doxorubicin might have a potential in treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.The bladder cancer is immunogenic, and neoantigens generated by tumor cells trigger a notable immune response in the host. On the other hand, multiple immune escape mechanisms allow for avoiding the recognition by the host immune system. Toll-like receptor type 4and inflammatory cytokines play major role in the immune response to bladder cancer.
To assess the expression of TLR4and the genes of major inflammatory cytokines in tumor cells and in unaffected tissue of the bladder.
The pairs of samples from the urinary bladder tumor and unaffected adjacent tissue were obtained from 50surgically treated patients with bladder cancer. The level of expression of TLR4, TGF-β1, INF-γ, TNF-α genes was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Bladder cancer cells are characterized by lower expression levels of TLR4, TGF-β1, INF-γ, TNF-α as compared to unaffected tissue. In patients with recurrent cancer, expression of TLR-4and cytokines does not change both in tumor and in unaffected tissue of the bladder. Expression of TLR4is identically low both in low- and high-grade cancer. Expression levels of the INF-γ and TNF-α are remarkably low in muscle-invasive cancer compared to the unaffected bladder tissue. The level of TGF-β1in bladder cancer is comparable to the unaffected tissue of the bladder, while in the intact and metastatic lymph nodes it is significantly upregulated.
Bladder cancer tissue differs from the unaffected part of the bladder wall in the level of TLR4, TGF-β1, INF-γ, TNF-α expression.
Bladder cancer tissue differs from the unaffected part of the bladder wall in the level of TLR4, TGF-β1, INF-γ, TNF-α expression.